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This small frog is mainly diurnal, however it may also exhibit crepuscular and nocturnal reproductive activity. Hylodes japi was recently described as endemic to the montane Atlantic forest of Serra do Japi, in southeastern Brazil.
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Since it is clear that studies involving species of Hylodes are critical to better understanding frog communication, we investigate how the Brazilian torrent frog Hylodes japi communicates intraspecifically. For these reasons, species of Hylodes deserve to be studied in more detail, particularly concerning potential multimodal signals. Species of Hylodes are excellent models for investigating communication because they usually call and exhibit extraordinary visual display repertoires associated with various behavioral contexts (e.g., ). Since that compilation fourteen years ago, many new records on visual displays have been published for several species of frogs, including hylodids such as Hylodes cardosoi and Hylodes phyllodes. Among these groups the authors included the genus Hylodes, a Brazilian endemic whose species dwell in fast-flowing streams.
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The most recent review of visual communication in anurans found some groups of species to be crucial to understanding the evolution of visual communication in anurans. Visual display repertoires tend to be complex in diurnal species that breed in noisy environments, such as Hylodes asper from Brazil (family Hylodidae e.g., ), Micrixalus saxicola from India (family Micrixalidae e.g., ), and Staurois parvus from Borneo (family Ranidae e.g., ). Plausibly, evolution of visual communication in frogs is favored by particular ecological factors. The diversity of visual display repertoires of frogs is variable among families, suggesting several cases of independent evolution (see ). The latest review of visual communication in anurans showed great communication complexity in frogs. Studies on multimodal signaling have made considerable progresses towards a more complete understanding of intraspecific frog communication (e.g., ). Multimodal signaling is known in several animal groups, such as wolf spiders, fishes, squirrels, and birds. Multimodal communication employs two or more sensory modalities in combination to compose complex signals. Research focusing on visual communication has become more common lately, revealing that visual signaling is indeed relevant for several diurnal and nocturnal frog families (e.g., ). Acoustic communication has been considered the main intraspecific communication mode among most frog species and historically has been studied more than any other mode. Introduction Communication assumes a sender transferring a message to a receiver via codified signals that both are able to understand. This is especially true in tropical regions, most likely due to the higher number of species and phylogenetic groups and/or to ecological factors, such as higher microhabitat diversity. Our findings indicate that communication in species of Hylodes is undoubtedly more sophisticated than we expected and that visual communication in anurans is more widespread than previously thought. Hylodids), we discuss and highlight the behavioral diversity in the family Hylodidae. Through the current knowledge on visual signaling in Neotropical torrent frogs (i.e. Control of inflation also provides additional evidence that vocal sac movement and color must be important for visual communication, even while producing sound. We explain how and why this is accomplished.
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